新型冠状病毒肺炎隔离中的权力和政治——从地理角度看(琥珀·默里，地理学)
2020年1月至3月, a series of state-enforced quarantines, 世界各地的地区和国家政府都发布了封锁和就地避难的命令, many with indefinite timelines or potentials for indeterminate extensions. 这些订单的规模和范围在历史和地理上都是前所未有的 one third of the global population 受到这些措施的影响.
What happens when people are no longer able to engage in their daily routines? 谈球吧下载App如何将隔离的后果推到全球或全球范围? 这种破坏的长期、不平衡、性别和种族意义是什么?
Human geography shows us that societies, 和 people within those societies, 是否有不平衡和不平等的能力来承受长期危机带来的经济和社会痛苦. 政治和经济地理学家阐明了全球资本主义政治经济在空间和规模上的重要差异和不平等.
地理学的部分效用在于，它具有参与和借鉴跨科学和人文学科的综合批判理论的能力，以理解和批判现有的和存在的现实. 在新型冠状病毒肺炎的背景下，这些可能包括:资本主义权力的多样性. The unevenness of experiences of curfews and lockdowns, particularly when enforced by authoritarian and post-colonial states. 在新帝国主义和新自由主义的全球体系中，地缘政治行动者有转移或推卸责任的倾向. 政治和经济现象及其后果在地理上的模式, historically and environmentally. 排斥和边缘化非西方经验的欧美学术和媒体的帝国主义目光.
We might usefully commence with the following question: 谈球吧下载App从什么角度来理解目前由covid -19造成的孤独和孤立?
Working from a political economy and ecology approach within human geography, 即使是部分答案，也会暴露出新型冠状病毒肺炎隔离经历和影响之间的巨大不平等. 截至2020年4月5日，有 1,275,542 confirmed cases and 69,497 deaths 在全球范围内. Motivated by the imperative to ‘平曲线’ and slow the spread of the pandemic, 非洲大陆的一些政府已经实施了宵禁和隔离. 然而,, 拥有相对食物和经济保障的自我隔离能力可能是一种空间特权. This dynamic is captured in the Zambian cartoonist Choklet罗伊Kazembe这部漫画讲述了一个家庭面临饥饿和流行病的双重危机. Effective quarantine is dependent upon material reserves and labour capacity, including frequently gendered care-work.
一些国家在应对这一流行病时采用了排他性的社会控制形式. On 3 April 2020 in Kampala, Uganda, police 逮捕了 and detained 165 people for ‘defying’ a two-week 新型冠状病毒肺炎 curfew. 为 the 4 million people living in the Southwest and Northwest regions of Cameroon, 自2018年以来，旷日持久的冲突和国家暴力意味着生活在地区限制之下, including rolling nightly curfews and periodic 48- and 72-hour lockdowns. 新型冠状病毒肺炎 管教 对行动的限制可以被视为一种模式:它们符合国家监视的集体经验的更长的织锦, monitoring and curtailing of movement. 政治地理学家也批评特殊时期的纪律溢出效应, 当临时紧急状态的特征，如新的监督措施或国家权力的扩张持续在紧急状态后的控制制度.
喀麦隆持续不断的冲突已导致西南部和西北部地区40%的保健中心关闭. 截至2020年3月，有 13 hospital beds per 10,000 people ,大约 每5万人中就有一个医生. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends a doctor-population ratio of 1:1,000. The situation in the Far North of Cameroon is similarly dire, where 30个诊所中的9个 have been impacted by insecurities and looting from Boko Haram. In the Far North and North Regions and across the Lake Chad Basin region, rates of child mortality and child malnourishment 保持 中最高 在这个世界上. These figures signify acute shortages and critical risks to lives and wellbeing. This is what medical anthropologist 保罗·法默 所谓的“结构性暴力’: a noxious social matrix in which groups of people are exposed to heighten disease, chronic illness and environmental pollutants with minimal recourse.
Unfortunately, Cameroon is not unique. 三十年的 积极地推动 neoliberal policies have diverted public funds for debt-repayment, with some 50 countries currently spending 更多公共债务服务 (通常为“恶债或被政治和经济精英挪用的资金)，而不是医疗体系. These countries pay an average of 7.8 per cent share of GDP for debt service and a derisory1.8%用于公共卫生. Neoliberal policies have impelled the privatisation and closure of health clinics 公共部门工资的减少，包括医生工资的减少. 在喀麦隆, Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) slashed doctor salaries by 60 per cent这些政策加剧了“人才外流”或受过教育的人向其他地方迁移.
Economic geographers have also documented the 资本主义发展不平衡 和 outsourcing of the costs of capitalist crisis from the Global North to the Global South. Following the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, 例如, 金融机构转向全球南方国家的土地收购(“土地掠夺”)和投机交易，作为资产(重建)建设的一种手段. 在喀麦隆, Frankline一. Ndi和Simon Batterbury 显示了大规模的企业占用土地是如何剥夺了农业人口的. 土地占用加剧了饥饿和粮食不公平，并改变了空间劳动分工. 为 Walter Chambati, Freedom Mazwi and Steven Mberi, 2008年后的土地掠夺加剧和农业综合企业经营扩张(是)第三次帝国统治浪潮, 在殖民主义和结构调整计划之后，所有这些过程都疏远了非洲的土地.
因此，资本主义的地理历史暴露了不平衡和外包 直接 危害和(b) 间接 or long-term threats associated with the fallout from capitalist crises. In the wake of 新型冠状病毒肺炎 and its anticipated global economic recession, 那些已经被新自由主义资本主义弄得最脆弱、最不稳定的人们面临着一场危机中的危机.
女权主义政治经济学家提醒谈球吧下载App，代理和建立新的团结和关怀网络的重要性. 的确，谈球吧下载App有理由抱有希望. 社交媒体和流行评论突出了人们对隔离令和行动限制的创造性和动态反应. From public handwashing stations organised by ordinary people, 对基层工序, to determined rejections of racially patterned exclusions (including refusals of the 电视的建议 in April 2020 that vaccines be tested first on unprotected peoples in Africa), to reanimated calls for massive redistributions of income and debt suspension, 和更多的. The traditions of historical materialism, 女权主义政治生态和后殖民/去殖民地理学强调了与普通人对话中出现的替代方案的紧迫性. 地理学家还有工作要做，要继续对智力和政治项目作出贡献，直到完成批评的任务, 应对全球资本主义的持续危机并提供替代方案。冠状病毒资本主义’.